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Emergent Pneumonia in Children
Cecilia Perret1, Nicole Le Corre1, Jose A Castro-Rodriguez2
1Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Insights
Emerging pathogens cause pneumonia in adults and children. This review classifies these pathogens as true emerging, re-emerging, or old known with new presentations, aiding in diagnosis and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Pneumonia is increasingly caused by emerging pathogens in both adults and children.
- Understanding these pathogens is crucial for effective public health strategies.
- This article categorizes emerging pathogens for clarity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To classify emerging pneumonia pathogens affecting humans.
- To compare the epidemiology, presentation, therapy, and prognosis in children versus adults.
- To facilitate recognition, appropriate treatment, and control of emerging infectious diseases.
Main Methods:
- Classification of pathogens into three categories: true emerging, re-emerging, and old known with new presentations.
- Review of epidemiological data, clinical presentations, therapeutic approaches, and prognoses.
- Comparative analysis between pediatric and adult populations.
Main Results:
- Identified "true emerging" pathogens (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, avian influenza).
- Detailed "re-emerging" pathogens (e.g., measles, tuberculosis, resistant bacteria like CA-MRSA, Mycoplasma pneumoniae).
- Highlighted "old known with new presentations" (e.g., rhinovirus, non-SARS coronaviruses).
Conclusions:
- Accurate classification aids in understanding the evolving landscape of pneumonia-causing pathogens.
- Recognizing differences in presentation and prognosis between children and adults is vital.
- Effective control measures and targeted therapies depend on timely pathogen identification.
Abstract:
In recent decades there have been multiple pathogens, viruses and bacteria, which have emerged as causal agents of pneumonia affecting adults, albeit less frequently, to children. For the purposes of this article we have classified emerging pathogens as follows: True emerging, to pathogens identified for the very first time affecting human population (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, avian influenza, and hantavirus); Re-emerging, to known pathogens which circulation was controlled once, but they have reappeared (measles, tuberculosis, antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as CA-MRSA, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and new serotypes of post-vaccine pneumococcal); and finally, those that we have called old known with new presentations, including common pathogens that, in particular condition, have changed their form of presentation (rhinovirus, and non-SARS coronavirus). We will review for each of them their epidemiology, forms of presentation, therapy, and prognosis in children compared to the adult with the aim of being able to recognize them to establish appropriate therapy, prognostics, and effective control measures.
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