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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model
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Urticarial vasculitis.

Stephanie L Gu1, Joseph L Jorizzo1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.

International Journal of Women'S Dermatology
|July 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urticarial vasculitis presents as chronic hives lasting over 24 hours, sometimes indicating underlying conditions. Treatment ranges from antibiotics and dapsone to immunosuppressives and biologics for severe cases.

Keywords:
HypocomplementemicHypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitisLeukocytoclastic vasculitisUrticarial vasculitisUrticarial vasculitis syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pathology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Urticarial vasculitis is a rare condition with chronic urticarial lesions.
  • Lesions persist for ≥24 hours and may cause hyperpigmentation, distinguishing it from chronic idiopathic urticaria.
  • It is often idiopathic but associated with drugs, infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinicopathologic features, associations, and therapeutic strategies for urticarial vasculitis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of urticarial vasculitis, focusing on clinical presentation, histopathology, associations, and treatment outcomes.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including histopathologic findings of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • Urticarial vasculitis can manifest with systemic involvement affecting multiple organ systems.
  • Histopathologic confirmation of leukocytoclastic vasculitis is diagnostic but not always present.
  • A spectrum of treatments is employed, from first-line agents like dapsone to advanced therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Urticarial vasculitis requires careful diagnosis due to overlapping features with other urticarial conditions.
  • Identifying underlying causes is crucial for effective management.
  • Treatment approaches are tailored to disease severity, ranging from conventional to biologic therapies for refractory cases.