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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells
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What It Takes to Transform a T Cell.

Ivana Spasevska1,2, June H Myklebust3,2

  • 1KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Cancer Research
|July 5, 2021
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Summary

Researchers modeled anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) by introducing the NPM-ALK fusion gene into T cells. They observed T-cell identity loss and immature profiles, but malignant transformation required T-cell receptor signaling activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Developing accurate models for human cancers, such as anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), remains challenging.
  • Understanding the early molecular events and T-cell developmental stages involved in ALCL pathogenesis is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the NPM-ALK fusion gene in T-cell malignant transformation.
  • To model early genetic changes in human tumors using primary T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the NPM-ALK fusion gene and its variants into primary T cells from healthy donors.
  • Monitoring of transduced T-cell clones over time to observe cellular changes.
  • Analysis of T-cell identity, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, and thymic profile.

Main Results:

  • Transformed T cells exhibited progressive loss of T-cell identity.
  • Upregulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program was observed.
  • Reemergence of an immature, thymic T-cell profile occurred.
  • NPM-ALK introduction alone was insufficient for malignant transformation; T-cell receptor signaling activation was required.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a novel model for investigating early genetic alterations in human tumors.
  • Activation of T-cell receptor signaling is a critical factor in NPM-ALK-driven T-cell transformation.
  • Understanding these early events can inform future therapeutic strategies for ALCL.