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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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IntroductionThe management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) aims to minimize myocardial damage, preserve myocardial function, and prevent complications.Initial ManagementInpatient management involves continuous cardiac monitoring, preferably in an ICU, focusing on blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels, and urine output. Ongoing pharmacologic management is crucial for stabilizing the patient.Supplemental Oxygen: Administer supplemental oxygen if oxygen saturation is...
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Nursing Assessment:Nursing management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) involves taking the patient's history, focusing on primary complaints such as chest pain, dyspnea, and excessive sweating (diaphoresis), as well as other symptoms like back or jaw pain, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dizziness, and fatigue. The nurse also reviews the patient's history of cardiac events, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history, and current medications.In the objective assessment,...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
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Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

Zoltán Szekanecz1, István Vályi-Nagy2

  • 11 Debreceni Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Belgyógyászati Intézet, Reumatológiai Tanszék, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032.

Orvosi Hetilap
|July 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) involves ongoing symptoms 4-12 weeks after infection, affecting multiple organ systems. General practitioners play a key role in managing PACS through treatment, rehabilitation, and coordinated care networks.

Keywords:
COVID-19COVID–19SARS-CoV-2multidisciplinary teammultidiszciplináris teamorgan symptomspost-COVID-19 networkpost-acute COVID-19 syndromeposzt-COVID–19-hálózatposztakut COVID–19 szindrómaszervi tünetek

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) is a complex condition with diverse symptoms and organ involvement.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenetic and risk factors of PACS.
  • To outline the clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches.
  • To define the role of general practitioners and the need for specialized networks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of post-COVID-19 syndrome.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management strategies.
  • Discussion of primary care physician roles and referral pathways.

Main Results:

  • PACS presents with general symptoms and specific organ manifestations (pulmonary, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, endocrine, musculoskeletal, dermatological, renal).
  • Management involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, and regular follow-ups.
  • General practitioners are central to PACS care, requiring clear referral guidelines and integrated network support.

Conclusions:

  • Effective PACS management requires a comprehensive approach involving primary care, specialist input, and rehabilitation.
  • Establishing dedicated post-COVID-19 networks is essential for coordinated patient care and improved outcomes.
  • Further research into long-term PACS effects and optimized treatment protocols is warranted.