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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model
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Age-changes in right ventricular function-pulmonary circulation coupling: from pediatric to adult stage in 1899

Olga Vriz1,2, Gruschen Veldman3, Luna Gargani4

  • 1Cardiac Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Zahrawi St, Al Maather, Al Maazer, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia. olgavriz@yahoo.com.

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
|July 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Right ventricular function and coupling change with age, with systolic pulmonary artery pressure increasing and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion decreasing. However, the relationship between these measures remains stable across age groups.

Keywords:
EchocardiographyNormal subjectsPulmonary artery systolic pressureRight ventricular–arterial couplingTricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Echocardiography
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Right ventricular (RV) function and its coupling with the pulmonary artery (PA) are crucial for cardiovascular health.
  • Age-related changes in RV function and RV-PA coupling are not fully understood, necessitating reference values for healthy individuals.
  • Understanding these changes is vital for diagnosing and managing various cardiopulmonary conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze age-specific changes in RV function and RV-PA coupling in a large cohort of healthy individuals.
  • To establish reference values for tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), and the TAPSE/SPAP ratio across a wide age range.
  • To investigate the influence of clinical and echocardiographic factors on these parameters.

Main Methods:

  • A standardized transthoracic echocardiographic examination was performed on 1899 consecutive healthy subjects.
  • Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) were measured.
  • Quantile regression analysis was used to determine reference values and associations with age and other cofactors.

Main Results:

  • Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) increased with age, while TAPSE and the TAPSE/SPAP ratio decreased.
  • Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations of TAPSE with body surface area (BSA), stroke volume (SV), and E/A, and inverse associations with heart rate and E/e'.
  • SPAP was positively associated with age, SV, E/A, and E/e', and negatively with BSA. The TAPSE/SPAP ratio showed negative associations with age, female sex, and E/e', and a positive association with BSA.

Conclusions:

  • TAPSE, SPAP, and their ratio exhibit significant age-related trends and associations with diastolic function, sex, and BSA.
  • Despite age-related changes, the ventriculo-arterial coupling (TAPSE/SPAP ratio) is relatively well-preserved across the age spectrum.
  • The study provides valuable reference values for RV function and RV-PA coupling in healthy individuals, aiding in clinical interpretation.