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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

151
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
151
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

136
Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
136
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

76
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
76
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
85
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

956
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
956
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.6K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
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482

Rhupus: dual rheumatic disease.

Haseeb Ahsan1

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.

Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry
|July 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Rhupus is a rare autoimmune disorder combining features of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. Its causes, progression, and full impact remain unclear, necessitating further research into its complex pathophysiology.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune disorders (ADs) are classified as systemic or local, affecting various organs like endocrine glands, blood, connective tissues, skin, muscles, and joints.
  • Rhupus is a complex musculoskeletal AD characterized by simultaneous features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of rhupus, a rare autoimmune disease.
  • To highlight the known and unknown factors contributing to rhupus.
  • To underscore the diagnostic and prognostic challenges posed by rhupus.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on rhupus.
  • Analysis of diagnostic markers, including autoantibodies and immune complexes.
Keywords:
RARhupusSLEautoantibodiesautoimmunityrhupus syndrome

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  • Examination of clinical manifestations and complications associated with rhupus.

    • Main Results:

    • The etiology of rhupus is multifactorial, involving genetic, immunological, hormonal, and environmental factors.
    • Specific autoantibodies and immune complexes are diagnostic markers for rhupus.
    • Complications include rheumatoid factor, nodules, and nervous/renal system involvement, complicating diagnosis and prognosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Rhupus arthritis shares RA-like pathophysiology, leading to inflammation, deformation, and disability.
    • The heterogeneity and rarity of rhupus impede a full understanding of its prevalence, pathophysiology, natural history, and radiological/immunological profiles.
    • Further research is crucial to elucidate the complexities of rhupus for improved diagnosis and patient outcomes.