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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Updated: Oct 29, 2025

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A comparative study on high-efficient reduction of bromate in neutral solution using zero-valent Al treated by

Wei Zhou1, Yang Yang1, Wei-Zhuo Gai2

  • 1Energy Materials & Physics Group, Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Institute of Low-Dimensional Carbon and Device Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|July 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Surface-treated zero-valent aluminum (ZVAl) effectively removes toxic bromate from water. Gamma-aluminum oxide covering Al particle surfaces (GCAP) demonstrated the highest efficiency, reducing bromate in 30 minutes.

Keywords:
AluminumBromateReduction reactionSurface treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Bromate is a toxic disinfection by-product in drinking water.
  • Conventional methods for bromate reduction using zero-valent metals require acid washing to activate the surface.
  • Developing efficient and accessible bromate remediation technologies is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel surface treatments for zero-valent aluminum (ZVAl) to enhance bromate reduction efficiency.
  • To compare the efficacy of different surface treatments, including γ-Al2O3 covering Al particle surfaces (GCAP).
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind enhanced bromate reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Surface treatment of ZVAl via soaking, freeze-drying, heat-treating, and γ-Al2O3 coating (GCAP).
  • Evaluating bromate reduction efficiency in neutral solutions.
  • Mechanism analysis using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy).

Main Results:

  • All surface-treated ZVAls showed significantly higher bromate reduction rates than pristine ZVAl.
  • GCAP exhibited the highest efficiency, completely reducing bromate to bromide in 30 minutes.
  • Surface treatment promotes oxide layer hydration and breakage, facilitating rapid electron transfer from Al to bromate.

Conclusions:

  • Surface modification of ZVAl, particularly GCAP, offers a highly efficient method for neutral bromate reduction.
  • GCAP demonstrates excellent reusability, with >90% bromate reduction over 4 cycles.
  • This approach provides a promising, acid-free strategy for removing bromate from drinking water.