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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
Published on: January 17, 2018
How I do it: endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbital apex
Felipe Constanzo1,2, Jaime Pinto3,4, Thomas Schmidt3,5
1Department of Skull Base Surgery, Clinica Bio Bio, Avenida Alessandri 3515, Concepción, Chile. constanzo.md@gmail.com.
Background:
The endoscopic endonasal approach provides an option to approach the medial and inferior orbital apex, with less manipulation of intraorbital structures.
Method:
We described the advantages, complications, caveats, and indications of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbital apex. An intraorbital extraconal cavernous malformation is shown as example.
Conclusion:
The endoscopic endonasal approach is a good corridor to the medial and inferior orbital apex, providing good exposure and little manipulation of the intraorbital contents.
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