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The Polymorphonuclear and Mast Cell Responses in Ovine Skin Infected with Orf Virus
David McEWAN Jenkinson1, Pauline E McEWAN2, Silas K Onwuka1
1Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
Abstract:
Abstract- Histological examination and quantification of some of the cell types during the first 120h of orf virus infection of scarified skin indicated that the main polymorphonuclear cell involved during early viral replication is the neutrophil, although the accumulation of this cell type also occurred in response to the initial trauma. Orf virus infection had no appreciable influence on the relatively low eosinophil population in the dermis but induced a basophil response which followed the appearance of viral antigen in the epidermis and was greatest at the periphery of the lesion. The number of cutaneous mast cells was not significantly affected by scarification and infection. Résumé- L'examen histologique et la numération de certains types de cellules pendant les 120 heures suivant la scarification de la peau avec du virus de l'ecthyma contagieux, ont montré que le polynucléaire le plus impliqué pendant le début de la réplication virale était le polynucléaire neutrophile, prenant en compte que l'accumulation de ce type de cellule intervient aussi en réponse au traumatisme initial. L'infection par le virus de l'ecthyma contagieux n'a pas eu d'influence appréciable sur la population relativement faible des éosinophiles dans le derme mais, a induit, à la suite de l'apparition de l'antigène viral dans l'épiderme, une résponse des basophiles, surtout observée à la périphérie de la lésion. Le nombre des mastocytes cutanés n'a pas été sensiblement modifié par la scarification ni par l'infection. Zusammenfassung- Durch histologische Untersuchung und Quantifizierung verschiedener Zelltypen während der ersten 120 Stunden einer ORF-Infektion von skarifizierter Haut konnte der neutrophile Granulozyt als hauptsächliche polymorphkernige Zelle der frühen viralen Replikationsphase bestimmt werden. Allerdings kommt es auch zu einer Vermehrung dieser Zellen als Reaktion auf das initiale Trauma. Die ORF-Virusinfektion hatte keinen bemerkens-werten Einfluß auf die relativ geringe Eosinophilenpopulation in der Dermis, induzierte jedoch eine basophile Reaktion nach dem Erscheinen des virus-Antigens in der Epidermis vor allem im peripheren Bereich der Läsion. Die Zahl der Hautmastzellen änderte sich durch die Skarifizierung und Infektion nicht statistisch signifikant. Resumen El examen histológico y la cuantificación de las células presentes en la piel durante las 120 h. siguientes a la infectión por virus del ectima contagiosos en pieles escarificadas indicó que la principal célula polimorfonuclear que participa en la replicatión viral temprana es el neutrófilo, aunque el acúmulo de este tipo celular también se presenta como respuesta al trauma inicial. La infectión con el virus del ectima no tuvo una influencia apreciable sobre la población relativamente baja de eosinófilos de la dermis, pero indujo una respuesta de basófilos a continuación de la aparición de la presencia de antígeno viral en la epidermis y que fue de mayor intensidad en la periferia de la lesión. El número de mastocitos no se vió influenciado significativamente por la escarificación e infectión.
Insights
Neutrophils are the primary immune cells responding to early orf virus replication in skin. While trauma also causes neutrophil accumulation, orf virus infection specifically triggers a basophil response in the epidermis.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Dermatology
- Virology
- Immunology
Background:
- Orf virus causes skin lesions in animals.
- Understanding the early cellular response to orf virus infection is crucial for developing effective treatments.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the histological and cellular changes in scarified skin during the initial 120 hours of orf virus infection.
- To identify the key immune cells involved in the early stages of orf virus replication.
Main Methods:
- Histological examination of scarified skin.
- Quantification of various cell types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells) over 120 hours post-infection.
Main Results:
- Neutrophils were the predominant polymorphonuclear cells during early viral replication, though also present due to trauma.
- Orf virus infection did not significantly alter eosinophil or mast cell populations.
- A distinct basophil response was observed following viral antigen appearance in the epidermis, peaking at the lesion periphery.
Conclusions:
- Neutrophils are key players in the early innate immune response to orf virus in skin.
- Basophils are recruited to the epidermis in response to orf virus infection.
- Eosinophils and mast cells appear less involved in the initial phase of orf virus skin infection.
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