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Gene Conversion02:08

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity
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Convergence Circuit Mapping: Genetic Approaches From Structure to Function.

Jang Soo Yook1, Jihyun Kim1,2, Jinhyun Kim1,2

  • 1Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
|July 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in mouse genetic engineering allow scientists to map brain structure and activity. These tools help unravel the neural circuits underlying behavior and neurological disorders.

Keywords:
brain mappingchemogeneticsgenetically encoded calcium indicatorsgenetically encoded transmitter indicatorsoptogeneticssynapseviral tracers

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Understanding complex neural circuits is crucial for neuroscience.
  • The interconnectedness of brain cells presents a significant challenge.
  • Mapping brain structure and activity at multiple levels is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in mouse molecular genetic engineering.
  • To describe tools for integrating structural and activity data in the brain.
  • To highlight applications in understanding behavior and neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing antero- and retrograde viral systems for cell-type-specific mapping.
  • Employing genetic switches and fluorescent proteins to visualize neural connections.
  • Applying optogenetics and chemogenetics to manipulate neural activity.
  • Using genetically encoded sensors for monitoring neuronal activity (calcium, neurotransmitters).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated cell type-specific mapping of structural inputs across the brain.
  • Enabled precise spatiotemporal monitoring of neuronal activity.
  • Facilitated functional interrogation of neural circuit convergence.
  • Provided a comprehensive approach to studying brain architecture.

Conclusions:

  • Mouse molecular genetic engineering offers powerful tools for neuroscience research.
  • These tools enable detailed mapping of brain structure and function.
  • This integrated approach is vital for unraveling complex behaviors and neurological conditions.