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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across...
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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein
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Binding Features and Functions of ATG3.

Dongmei Fang1, Huazhong Xie1, Tao Hu1

  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|July 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy-related gene 3 (ATG3) is crucial for cellular homeostasis and autophagosome formation. This review details ATG3

Keywords:
ATG3autophagybinding featurecancerfunctionhomeostasisphosphatidylethanolaminepost-translational modification

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a vital cellular process for maintaining homeostasis.
  • Autophagy-related (ATG) genes, including ATG3, are essential for autophagosome formation.
  • ATG3 functions as an E2 ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme in the ATG8 conjugation system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on ATG3's role in autophagy.
  • To highlight ATG3's binding partners and sites.
  • To review ATG3's autophagy-dependent and independent functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ATG3.
  • Analysis of ATG3's function in autophagosome formation.
  • Examination of ATG3's involvement in physiological and pathological processes.

Main Results:

  • ATG3 is indispensable for phagophore elongation during autophagy.
  • ATG3 participates in various cellular processes, including tumor progression and pathogen clearance.
  • Emerging evidence points to autophagy-independent roles of ATG3 in cell differentiation and mitosis.

Conclusions:

  • ATG3 plays a multifaceted role in both autophagy-dependent and independent cellular functions.
  • Understanding ATG3's diverse functions is critical for comprehending cellular homeostasis and disease.
  • Further research into ATG3's mechanisms and interactions is warranted.