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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

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Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
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Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Electrochemical nitrogen reduction: recent progress and prospects.

Debabrata Chanda1, Ruimin Xing1, Tong Xu2

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China. liushanhu@vip.henu.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|July 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) offers a sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production. This review explores catalysts, mechanisms, and challenges for efficient, low-cost green ammonia synthesis.

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry and catalysis
  • Electrochemical engineering
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Ammonia is vital for fertilizers and energy, but traditional Haber-Bosch production is energy-intensive and environmentally damaging.
  • Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) presents a sustainable alternative, yet requires efficient and affordable catalysts.
  • Current research focuses on catalyst development and performance enhancement for ENRR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the ENRR process for ammonia production.
  • To discuss theoretical background, experimental methods, and computational catalyst screening.
  • To elucidate catalyst mechanisms, active sites, and defect impacts on ENRR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical principles of ENRR.
  • Analysis of experimental methodologies for electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis.
  • Computational screening and evaluation of potential catalysts.
  • Summary of ammonia detection techniques and control experiments.

Main Results:

  • Understanding the impact of active sites and defects on catalyst performance (activity, selectivity, stability).
  • Mechanistic insights into ENRR on catalyst surfaces.
  • Identification of challenges and proposed advancements in ENRR.

Conclusions:

  • ENRR holds significant promise for sustainable ammonia production.
  • Further research is needed to overcome existing challenges and optimize catalyst performance.
  • Future directions include developing highly active, selective, and stable catalysts for industrial ENRR applications.