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Operationalizing the net-negative carbon economy.

Johannes Bednar1,2, Michael Obersteiner3,4, Artem Baklanov3,5

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The world must prepare for net-negative emissions as the carbon budget for 1.5°C warming nears depletion. New economic tools, like carbon removal obligations (CROs), can finance this transition and incentivize earlier decarbonization.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Economics
  • Policy Analysis

Background:

  • Remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C global warming is nearly exhausted.
  • Future net-negative emissions are required to compensate for accrued carbon debt.
  • Current economic policy instruments for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose intertemporal economic instruments for financing a net-negative carbon economy.
  • To investigate market-based approaches for incentivizing carbon debt repayment.
  • To establish the foundation for widely applied carbon taxes and emissions trading systems.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated an idealized market approach using 'carbon removal obligations' (CROs).
  • Modeled the financial implications of pricing atmospheric CO2 storage through interest on carbon debt.
  • Analyzed the impact of CROs on near-term decarbonization and CDR deployment.

Main Results:

  • Proposed CROs to make emitters responsible for net carbon dioxide removal.
  • Incorporated interest payments on carbon debt to address default risks and price CO2 storage.
  • Found that CROs incentivize more ambitious near-term decarbonization and earlier, less aggressive CDR deployment.

Conclusions:

  • CROs can provide a basis for carbon taxes and emissions trading systems to finance a net-negative carbon economy.
  • Interest payments on CROs stimulate faster decarbonization and optimize CDR deployment timing.
  • CROs are essential for achieving ambitious climate targets and ensuring intergenerational equity in mitigation efforts.