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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

A Human Ex Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Model to Study Lesion Biology
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PCSK 9: A Link Between Inflammation and Atherosclerosis.

Dimitri Patriki1, Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi1, Giovanni G Camici2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, 5404 Baden,Switzerland.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|July 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) significantly impacts lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation, contributing to atherosclerosis. PCSK9 inhibitors offer cardiovascular benefits by reducing LDL cholesterol and potentially mitigating inflammatory processes.

Keywords:
LDLPCSK9atherosclerosiscardiovascular disease.inflammationlipid

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) is crucial in lipid metabolism, influencing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor degradation and circulating LDL levels.
  • PCSK9 inhibitors are vital for cardiovascular risk reduction due to their potent LDL-lowering effects.
  • While PCSK9's role in lipid metabolism is established, its broader pathophysiological functions, including inflammatory roles, require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on PCSK9's role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
  • To differentiate between lipid-dependent and -independent inflammatory effects of PCSK9.
  • To highlight the anti-inflammatory potential of PCSK9 inhibitors in atherosclerosis prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating PCSK9's involvement in lipid metabolism and inflammation.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding PCSK9's interaction with LDL receptors and inflammatory pathways.
  • Examination of studies exploring PCSK9's independent regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and its interaction with LOX-1.

Main Results:

  • PCSK9 promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis through both lipid-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
  • PCSK9 independently regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and inflammation pathways in vascular walls.
  • Emerging evidence suggests PCSK9 interacts with LOX-1, potentially dampening inflammation via LDL reduction.

Conclusions:

  • PCSK9 plays a significant role in promoting vascular inflammation, contributing to atherosclerosis development.
  • Understanding PCSK9's multifaceted roles is key to developing effective anti-atherosclerotic therapies.
  • PCSK9 inhibitors may offer additional benefits beyond LDL reduction through their anti-inflammatory actions.