Automatically Delineating Key Anatomy in 3-D Ultrasound Volumes for Hip Dysplasia Screening

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) metrics based on 3-D ultrasound have proven more reliable than those based on 2-D images, but to date have been based mainly on hand-engineered features. Here, we test the performance of 3-D convolutional neural networks for automatically segmenting and delineating the key anatomical structures used to define DDH metrics: the pelvis bone surface and the femoral head. Our models are trained and tested on a data set of 136 volumes from 34 participants. For the pelvis, a 3D-U-Net achieves a Dice score of 85%, outperforming the confidence-weighted structured phase symmetry algorithm (Dice score = 19%). For the femoral head, the 3D-U-Net had centre and radius errors of 1.42 and 0.46 mm, respectively, outperforming the random forest classifier (3.90 and 2.01 mm). The improved segmentation may improve DDH measurement accuracy and reliability, which could reduce misdiagnosis.