Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.9K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.9K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.5K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.5K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.8K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.8K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.5K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.5K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.1K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.1K
Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

4.1K
For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
4.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A quest for a histaminergic or orexinergic biomarker for sudden infant death syndrome.

Pediatric research·2026
Same author

The association between passion, disordered eating attitudes, and self-reported injuries among pre-professional contemporary and ballet dancers.

Acta psychologica·2026
Same author

A host defense role for Fibrinogen by direct binding of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin.

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS·2026
Same author

Mood and Age Predict Cognitive Complaints in Memory Clinic Patients: A Machine-Learning and Linear Modeling Approach.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Comprehensive and Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of the Cell Wall Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis.

Molecular microbiology·2026
Same author

Correction: Histamine H3 Receptor as a target for alcohol use disorder: challenging the predictability of animal models for clinical translation in drug development.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Application of ephrin-B2 loaded glycol chitosan-silk fibroin hydrogel in the treatment of diabetic refractory wounds.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

International expert Delphi consensus on thromboprophylaxis in metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Assessing the cross-region knowledge transfer capability of selected deep learning building vectorization methods in the context of available training datasets.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Feasibility and preliminary effects of outdoor versus indoor cognitive-motor therapy in women with Alzheimer's disease: A randomized single-blind pilot study.

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Hallmarks of social action in the vocal turn-taking of wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Scientific reports·2026
Same journal

Role and mechanism of AOPPs-induced NOX4-mediated ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration.

Scientific reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions
06:56

Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2013

40.0K

BiPSim: a flexible and generic stochastic simulator for polymerization processes.

Stephan Fischer1, Marc Dinh1, Vincent Henry1

  • 1INRAE, MaIAGE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.

Scientific Reports
|July 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

BiPSim is a new open-source simulator for whole-cell modeling. It efficiently simulates stochastic polymerization processes like gene expression, enabling adaptable genome-wide biological simulations.

More Related Videos

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

10.5K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Membrane Biophysics - Exploring Interactions and Challenges Through Experimental and Computational Approaches
07:31

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Membrane Biophysics - Exploring Interactions and Challenges Through Experimental and Computational Approaches

Published on: September 1, 2023

2.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions
06:56

Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2013

40.0K
Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

10.5K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Membrane Biophysics - Exploring Interactions and Challenges Through Experimental and Computational Approaches
07:31

Author Spotlight: Advancing Cell Membrane Biophysics - Exploring Interactions and Challenges Through Experimental and Computational Approaches

Published on: September 1, 2023

2.7K

Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Whole-cell modeling integrates diverse cellular processes for comprehensive simulation.
  • Existing methods face challenges in tractably simulating complex, heterogeneous biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce BiPSim, an open-source stochastic simulator for template-based polymerization processes.
  • Enable efficient and scalable whole-cell simulations of genome-wide biological phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Developed BiPSim with an abstract reaction representation and a constant-time Gillespie's Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA).
  • Implemented multi-level descriptions for polymerization processes to balance speed and granularity.
  • Evaluated performance via genome-wide bacterial gene expression simulations.

Main Results:

  • BiPSim demonstrates high efficiency for large-scale stochastic polymerization process simulations.
  • The simulator supports simultaneous multi-level descriptions, allowing adjustable trade-offs between speed and model detail.
  • Models developed with BiPSim are adaptable to different species due to the absence of hard-coded species-specific information.

Conclusions:

  • BiPSim provides a powerful tool for simulating stochastic phenomena in biology at the genome-wide scale.
  • The simulator's efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability open new avenues for whole-cell modeling research.
  • Facilitates the study of complex biological systems across different organisms.