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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Pitcher Shoulder: Update Article.

Benno Ejnisman1, Paulo Henrique Schmidt Lara1, Leandro Masini Ribeiro1

  • 1Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo, Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Revista Brasileira De Ortopedia
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding shoulder injury mechanisms is crucial for effective treatment. Repetitive overhead motions, common in sports, highlight the shoulder

Keywords:
athletic injuriesjoint instabilityshoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Repetitive overhead movements are a primary cause of shoulder injuries.
  • Understanding the etiology and mechanisms of shoulder pathologies is essential for effective treatment.
  • Overhead throwing is a complex, coordinated full-body motion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biomechanical mechanisms underlying shoulder pathologies in overhead athletes.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding injury etiology before treatment.
  • To highlight the shoulder's role in the kinetic chain during throwing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biomechanical principles of overhead throwing.
  • Analysis of the shoulder's role in the kinetic chain.
  • Examination of common shoulder pathologies resulting from repetitive overhead activities.

Main Results:

  • The shoulder is a critical link in the upper-body kinetic chain.
  • Force transmission from the lower body to the arm is vital for pitch velocity and accuracy.
  • Repetitive stress from overhead movements can lead to significant shoulder pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of shoulder injury mechanisms is paramount for healthcare professionals.
  • Effective treatment strategies must address the underlying biomechanics of overhead activities.
  • The shoulder's function in the kinetic chain is central to preventing and treating athletic shoulder injuries.