Counselling challenges associated with donor conception and surrogacy treatments - time for debate

Fertility counselling services have had to respond to significant developments in fertility treatments in recent years, prompting increasingly complex personal and professional ethical challenges. This Commentary focuses on those rising from donor conception and/or surrogacy. The profile of those seeking such treatments has changed to include growing numbers of same sex couples, single people, people who are transitioning or have done, people seeking posthumous use of gametes, and people using cross-border services. Alongside, awareness has grown of life-span implications, the impact of commercial DNA testing, and the need for 'later-life' support. Responses vary internationally and the time for debate is overdue. Who should provide fertility counselling and how? Should specialist qualifications, training, continuing professional development, and regulation be required? Should counsellors play a role in assessing suitability to parents? What aspects of different contractual arrangements and conflicts of interest need attention? Has the time come for counselling to be mandatory as part of pre-treatment pathways? What should be the relationship between fertility counsellors and multi-disciplinary clinic teams? How might fertility counsellors be represented nationally and internationally? What should be their relationship to 'later life' professional support? What place should professional knowledge hold in the evidence base?