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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
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Aqueous choline amino acid deep eutectic solvents.

Shurui Miao1, Haihui Joy Jiang1, Silvia Imberti2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

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Researchers studied biocompatible deep eutectic solvents using choline acetate and aspartate salts. Findings reveal how water content and anion structure influence hydrogen bonding, affecting solvent properties for biomass processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Biocompatible deep eutectic solvents (DES) are explored for biomass processing.
  • Choline amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) show promise but have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the structure and phase behavior of aqueous DES based on choline acetate and aspartate salts.
  • Understand the role of anion structure and water content on hydrogen bonding and properties.

Main Methods:

  • Contrast-variation neutron diffraction.
  • Computational modeling.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bond network structure.

Main Results:

  • The interplay between anion structure and water content dictates hydrogen bond network in DES.
  • This interaction influences the eutectic composition and temperature.
  • Aqueous DES mixtures were expanded to include higher melting point salts.

Conclusions:

  • The studied DES maintain desirable properties in aqueous solutions.
  • Findings provide insights for designing novel DES for biomass applications.