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Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
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An empirical model for wind-generated ocean noise.

John A Hildebrand1, Kaitlin E Frasier1, Simone Baumann-Pickering1

  • 1Marine Physical Laboratory of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|July 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model quantifies wind-generated underwater noise using extensive acoustic data. It separates wind noise from human-made sounds, revealing distinct frequency and wind speed relationships.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Acoustics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Underwater noise pollution is a growing concern.
  • Distinguishing natural (wind-generated) from anthropogenic noise is crucial for marine ecosystem health.
  • Existing models often lack comprehensive data across diverse marine environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an empirical model for wind-generated underwater noise.
  • To differentiate wind noise from anthropogenic noise sources.
  • To understand the relationship between wind speed, frequency, and noise generation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an extensive dataset of acoustic field recordings (over 100 years).
  • Integrated a global wind model to correlate noise with wind events.
  • Analyzed data from both shallow continental shelves and deep-water ocean settings.
  • Modeled two primary sound-generating mechanisms: surface wave/turbulence interactions and bubble oscillations.

Main Results:

  • The model shows minor frequency dependence (5 dB/decade) at low frequencies (10-100 Hz) and greater dependence (∼15 dB/decade) at higher frequencies (400 Hz-20 kHz).
  • Noise level correlates linearly with wind speed at low speeds (<3.3 m/s), transitioning to a higher power law (2-3) at higher speeds.
  • At very high wind speeds (>15 m/s), high-frequency noise (>10 kHz) decreases, attributed to bubble cloud interactions and screening.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a robust method for quantifying wind-generated underwater noise.
  • Understanding these noise characteristics is vital for effective marine noise management and ecological impact assessment.
  • The model highlights the complex interplay between wind, surface dynamics, and bubble physics in sound generation.