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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Determination01:51

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Arteries and Arterioles01:16

Arteries and Arterioles

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Arteries, the vasculature responsible for transporting blood from the heart, possess robust walls capable of enduring the elevated pressures exerted by the heartbeat. Arteries near the heart are especially thick-walled and enriched with elastic fibers across their three tunics, classifying them as elastic or conducting arteries. These arteries, usually with a diameter exceeding 10 mm, are characterized by their ability to dilate in response to the blood pumped from the heart's ventricles...
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Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Directed Differentiation of Hemogenic Endothelial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Developmental Perspectives on Arterial Fate Specification.

Dongying Chen1, Martin A Schwartz1,2,3, Michael Simons1,2

  • 1Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|July 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Blood vessel development involves acquiring arterial or venous fates. Recent findings highlight shear stress-induced cell cycle arrest as crucial for arterial specification, modifying previous VEGF and Notch signaling paradigms.

Keywords:
Notch activationVEGF signalingangiogenesisarterial specificationshear stressvascular remodelingvasculogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Arterial-venous fate acquisition is adaptive, driven by blood circulation during vascular morphogenesis.
  • Traditional understanding centered on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Notch signaling pathways.
  • Emerging research emphasizes shear stress-induced cell cycle arrest as a key factor in arterial specification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms driving arterial fate acquisition.
  • To examine two distinct developmental settings: dorsal aorta vasculogenesis and retinal angiogenesis.
  • To discuss ongoing controversies and potential clinical relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of key molecular mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of findings from developmental biology and molecular signaling research.
  • Comparative analysis of arterial specification in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.

Main Results:

  • VEGF and Notch signaling are important but not the sole regulators of arterial fate.
  • Shear stress-induced cell cycle arrest is a critical prerequisite for arterial specification.
  • Multiple molecular mechanisms coordinate to determine arterial identity.

Conclusions:

  • Arterial specification is a complex process involving integrated molecular signaling and mechanical cues.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into vascular development and disease.
  • Further research into controversies may reveal novel therapeutic targets.