Air Pollution, Genetic Factors, and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Prospective Study in the UK Biobank

Rationale: Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to lung cancer, but the degree to which air pollution modifies the impact of genetic susceptibility on lung cancer remains unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether air pollution and genetic factors jointly contribute to incident lung cancer. Methods: We analyzed data from 455,974 participants (53% women) without previous cancer at baseline in the UK Biobank. The concentrations of particulate matter (PM) (PM ⩽2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM_2.5], coarse PM between 2.5 microm and 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM_coarse], and PM ⩽10 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM₁₀]), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) were estimated by using land-use regression models, and the association between air pollutants and incident lung cancer was investigated by using a Cox proportional hazard model. Furthermore, we constructed a polygenic risk score and evaluated whether air pollutants modified the effect of genetic susceptibility on the development of lung cancer. Measurements and Main Results: The results showed significant associations between the risk of lung cancer and PM_2.5 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.01; per 5 microg/m³), PM₁₀ (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.20-1.96; per 10 microg/m³), NO₂ (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15; per 10 microg/m³), and NO_x (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07-1.18; per 20 microg/m³). There were additive interactions between air pollutants and the genetic risk. Compared with participants with low genetic risk and low air pollution exposure, those with high air pollution exposure and high genetic risk had the highest risk of lung cancer (PM_2.5: HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.45-2.02; PM₁₀: HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.50-2.10; NO₂: HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.42-2.22; NO_x: HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.43-1.95). Conclusions: Long-term exposure to air pollution may increase the risk of lung cancer, especially in those with high genetic risk.