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Updated: Oct 29, 2025
Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration
Published on: March 31, 2023
Retracted Rotator Cuff Repairs Heal With Disorganized Fibrogenesis Without Affecting Biomechanical Properties: A
Sung-Min Rhee1, Seung-Min Youn2, Young Wan Ko1
1Shoulder & Elbow Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
Purpose:
To determine the differences in the scar tissue formation during the healing of the repaired retracted cuff tear from that of the nonretracted tear.
Methods:
Eighteen right rabbit shoulders received a 1-cm transverse cuff incision over the footprint to simulate "nonretracted cuff tears" before the transosseous repairs (group A). A 1-cm tendinous portion was excised from 18 left shoulders to create defects to simulate "retracted cuff tears" before repairing the defects (group B). At week 12 postrepair, 20 and 16 shoulders underwent histologic and biomechanical analyses, respectively. Eight shoulders were used as a control group for biomechanical analyses.
Results:
All specimens showed good healing and continuity of the repaired tendons. At low magnification, fibrous tissue firmly held the tendon-to-bone junctions in group A; however, all specimens in group B showed medially retracted tendons with fibrous tissue continuity between the tendon stumps and footprints. At medium magnification, more irregular collagen fiber orientation was observed in group B. Polarized light microscopy showed fibrous tissue continuity with medially retracted tendons in group B. When we quantified collagen fiber orientation using ImageJ software, group B had inferior grayscale measurements when compared with group A (P = .001). At week 12, no statistical differences existed in mean loads-to-failure at the repair sites between the groups (P = .783).
Conclusions:
In the nonretracted cuff tears, fibrous tissue bound the tendon-to-bone junction with healing. After the healing of the retracted cuff tears, continuity of nontendinous tissue was observed adjacent to the medially retracted tendon, which comprised more disorganized immature fibrous tissue than that in the nonretracted cuff tears.
Clinical Relevance:
Unlike the healing of nonretracted rotator cuff tear, repairing of the "retracted" tendon end of cuff tear still resulted in retraction of the tendon back to its original position but being held down with fibrous tissue to the footprint.
