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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

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Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia,...
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Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

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The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Erythrocyte miRNA regulators and malarial pathophysiology.

Sowmya R Prabhu1, Akshay P Ware2, Abdul Vahab Saadi1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|July 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Small non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), are key regulators and indicators in malaria pathogenesis. Research reveals their role in severe malaria complications like cerebral malaria and placental malaria.

Keywords:
Cerebral malariaMicroparticlesPlasmodiumPregnancy malariamiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Malariology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax interactions with the host genome drive malaria pathophysiology.
  • Small non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are emerging as crucial disease indicators and regulators.
  • Malarial pathologies involve complex host-parasite interactions influencing hematopoiesis and red blood cell disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of miRNAs in malarial pathologies, focusing on severe anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria.
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which miRNAs contribute to disease complications.
  • To explore the potential of miRNA-carrying vesicles and microparticles as diagnostic or prognostic markers.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of host-parasite genome interactions in malaria.
  • Investigation of miRNA-mediated mechanisms in malarial pathogenesis.
  • Study of exosome-like vesicles and syncytiotrophoblast-derived microparticles in malaria infection.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs are implicated in regulating hematopoiesis and red blood cell disorders in malaria.
  • miRNA-carrying exosome-like vesicles released during infection enhance gene expression in endothelial cells, promoting parasite sequestration and cerebral malaria.
  • Plasmodium surface antigen promotes erythrocyte sequestration in placental malaria, leading to complications.
  • Altered miRNA profiles in syncytiotrophoblast-derived microparticles may predict malaria-induced pathophysiological progression during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs play a significant role in the pathophysiology of severe malaria, including cerebral and placental malaria.
  • miRNA-carrying vesicles and microparticles represent potential biomarkers for malaria diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Understanding miRNA-mediated mechanisms offers new avenues for therapeutic interventions in malaria.