Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

972
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
972
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

345
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
345
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

624
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
624
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

551
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
551
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

978
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
978
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

356
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
356

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Who seeks help? Characteristics of doctors accessing mental health support in England: 4-year national review - CORRIGENDUM.

BJPsych open·2026
Same author

Driving Innovation: Transatlantic Attitudes to the <i>Bionics Bus</i> as a Vehicle for Health Transformation and STEM Engagement.

Healthcare technology letters·2026
Same author

Prevalence and determinants of diabetes-related psychological distress in a tertiary care setting in Tamil Nadu, India: cross-sectional study - CORRIGENDUM.

BJPsych open·2026
Same author

Levelling up digital mental health: from proliferation to precision.

The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science·2026
Same author

Nurse led first seizure clinics-a dangerous experiment or an effective alternative to the norm?

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same author

Persistent health inequalities over 20 years among adults with intellectual disabilities who display behaviours that challenge: evidence from English primary care records.

BJPsych open·2026
Same journal

Assessing cognition and quality of life in people with epilepsy: A feasibility study for mild and marked cognitive impairment.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same journal

Validating the C-PHQ-9 suicide item against the C-NDDI-E for detecting suicidal ideation in Chinese adults with epilepsy.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same journal

The IMPACT epilepsy Consortium: Exploring social drivers of health in epilepsy care to advance solution based initiatives.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same journal

Surgical management of super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE): a structured narrative review with considerations on refractory status epilepticus (RSE).

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same journal

Sex difference in the association of antiseizure medication load with cognitive decline in older people with epilepsy: A prospective study.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same journal

Improving epilepsy knowledge, attitudes & practices among primary health care providers: findings from a pre-post intervention study in Central India.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

11.1K

UK framework for basic epilepsy training and oromucosal midazolam administration.

Phil Tittensor1, Sarah Tittensor2, Erica Chisanga3

  • 1Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust United Kingdom, United Kingdom; University of Wolverhampton United Kingdom, United Kingdom.

Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B
|July 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Updated guidelines and an online test now address the UK care gap in epilepsy training and emergency midazolam administration for seizures. This ensures safer community care for patients with epilepsy.

Keywords:
Basic epilepsy trainingCommunity prevention of statusEpilepsy safetyMidazolamRescue medication

More Related Videos

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy
10:23

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

Published on: June 23, 2023

2.3K
Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits
10:25

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Published on: March 27, 2021

6.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

11.1K
Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy
10:23

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

Published on: June 23, 2023

2.3K
Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits
10:25

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Published on: March 27, 2021

6.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Medical Education
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Oromucosal Midazolam is a vital emergency seizure treatment in the UK, administered by trained family members.
  • The Joint Epilepsy Council (JEC) UK, previously responsible for training guidelines, disbanded in 2016, creating a training gap.
  • This left a need for updated standards in basic epilepsy education and rescue medication administration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide updated standards for basic epilepsy education.
  • To establish guidelines for the administration of rescue medication (Midazolam).
  • To develop a voluntary online assessment for carers administering Midazolam.

Main Methods:

  • The Delphi process was employed by the Epilepsy Nurses Association (ESNA), International League against Epilepsy (ILAE), and Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych).
  • Guidance was updated and a question bank developed through committee work (2017-2019), with feedback from professional bodies and patient organizations.
  • A consensus process involved stakeholder engagement, leading to national circulation of ratified guidelines.

Main Results:

  • A consensus was reached through a multi-stage process involving two task and finish groups.
  • Updated guidelines were circulated nationally, revealing inconsistent local assessment tools and procedures.
  • An online test was developed, with 278 carers completing it (as of Oct 2020) achieving a 95% pass rate and 100% positive feedback.

Conclusions:

  • The UK-wide gap in basic epilepsy training and safe rescue medication administration has been addressed.
  • The updated guidelines and online test provide standardized training for carers.
  • A plan for biennial updates to guidelines and the test is in place to ensure ongoing quality of care.