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Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Surgical Treatments for Postamputation Pain
Published on: March 8, 2024
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation for the Treatment of Neuroma
Lindsay E Janes1, Megan E Fracol1, Gregory A Dumanian1
1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 North St. Clair Street, Suite 19-250, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Abstract:
Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is the surgical rerouting of severed nerve endings to nearby expendable motor nerve branches. These nerve transfers provide a pathway for axonal growth, limiting the amputated nerve ends' disorganized attempt at regeneration that leads to neuroma formation. In the amputee population, TMR is successful in the treatment and prevention of chronic phantom limb pain and residual limb pain. In the nonamputee population, applications of TMR are ever expanding in the treatment of chronic neuroma pain owing to trauma, compression, or surgery. This article reviews the indications for TMR, preoperative evaluation, and various surgical techniques.
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