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Related Concept Videos

Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
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Preparedness and Phobias01:09

Preparedness and Phobias

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Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
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Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
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Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Phobic COVID-19 Disorder Scale: Development, Dimensionality, and Item-Structure Test.

Mohd Nasir1, Mohd Adil2, Mukesh Kumar3

  • 1Faculty of Commerce, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India.

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
|July 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new Phobic COVID-19 Disorder scale (Phobic-19 scale) was developed and validated to measure fear, anxiety, and distress related to the pandemic. This scale offers better psychometric properties for multi-cultural use.

Keywords:
CFACOVID-19DimensionalityItem structurePhobic-19Scale developmentScale validation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Pandemics like COVID-19 cause significant loss of life and economic impact.
  • Existing scales for COVID-19 fear and distress are often context-specific and lack multi-cultural applicability.
  • There is a need for a validated, culturally adaptable scale to assess psychological responses to COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the existing Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S).
  • To develop and statistically validate a new scale, the Phobic COVID-19 Disorder scale (Phobic-19 scale), for assessing psychological impact.
  • To ensure the scale is applicable across diverse cultural contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a 12-item, three-dimensional (fear, anxiety, distress) scale.
  • Data collection using a structured e-questionnaire in English.
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for dimensionality and item structure.
  • Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for scale validation.

Main Results:

  • The Phobic-19 scale demonstrates strong internal consistency.
  • The scale exhibits robust psychometric characteristics.
  • Factor analysis confirmed the scale's dimensionality and item structure.

Conclusions:

  • The Phobic-19 scale is a psychometrically sound instrument for measuring COVID-19 related fear, anxiety, and distress.
  • The scale's validation supports its use in diverse populations and multi-cultural environments.
  • Further research and replication will enhance confidence in the scale's utility for practitioners and researchers.