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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland
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An Infundibular Unidentified Object (IUO): a new pituitary stalk marker?

J-F Bonneville1, L Tshibanda2, A Beckers2

  • 1Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege, Liège, Belgium. bonnevillejf@gmail.com.

Pituitary
|July 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A novel T2W MRI finding at the infundibulum, a ring-like thickening, is identified in most normal individuals. This normal anatomical landmark aids in diagnosing pituitary stalk issues.

Keywords:
Infundibular Unidentified Object (IUO)InfundibulumPituitary MRIPituitary stalk thickening

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Pituitary stalk (PS) diameter measurement is insufficient for diagnosing minimal PS thickening.
  • A novel imaging finding at the infundibular level on high-resolution thin-section T2W MRI has been observed in normal individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a previously unrecognized image at the infundibular level on MRI.
  • To investigate if this image can serve as a marker for the normal infundibulum.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective pituitary MRI with sagittal T2W high-resolution sequence in 350 adult patients.
  • Exclusion of 112 patients with pituitary mass, suprasellar extension, or non-visible PS.

Main Results:

  • A focal annular T2 hypointense thickening at the infundibular recess was found in 151/238 patients (63.4%).
  • A ventral extension was noted in 105/151 patients with the thickening.
  • This finding was absent in patients with a stretched PS, particularly in empty sella cases (observed in 82% excluding empty sella).

Conclusions:

  • A detailed appearance of the PS on T2W MRI, including a hypointense annular focal image with a ventral bud, is described.
  • This image is identified in the majority of normal patients and should be recognized as a normal anatomical landmark.
  • Further research is needed to confirm its utility in early diagnosis of PS lesions.