Early intervention and prevention of allergic diseases

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Pediatric Health
• Gastroenterology

Background:

• Food allergy (FA) is a prevalent chronic childhood disease with substantial global healthcare costs.
• The exact mechanisms driving FA pathogenesis remain unclear, though multifactorial genetic and environmental influences are recognized.
• Understanding FA development is crucial for effective prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current data on the pathogenesis of food allergy.
• To identify key factors influencing the development of immune tolerance to food antigens.
• To outline essential elements for preventing food allergy in infants.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing scientific literature on food allergy.
• Analysis of data concerning immune system development and antigen exposure.
• Synthesis of evidence on the role of skin barrier, microbiome, and diet.

Main Results:

• An intact epidermal barrier is necessary to prevent sensitization through skin.
• Specific commensal bacteria are vital for maintaining mucosal immune system integrity.
• Dietary diversity and timely introduction of allergenic foods are critical for preventing FA.

Conclusions:

• Proper oral antigen exposure via a mature mucosal immune system is essential for preventing FA.
• Maintaining skin barrier integrity, a balanced microbiome, and appropriate dietary practices are crucial for immune tolerance.
• These factors collectively contribute to mitigating the rising epidemic of food allergies.