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Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status.

Hannah C Wastyk1, Gabriela K Fragiadakis2, Dalia Perelman3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

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|July 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Dietary fiber and fermented foods impact the gut microbiome and immune responses differently. Fermented foods may reduce inflammation and increase microbial diversity, beneficial for industrialized populations.

Keywords:
CAZymesCyTOFfermented foodfiber dietimmune systemimmune system profilinginflammationmicrobiomenutritionproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Immunology
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • Diet significantly influences the gut microbiome composition and function.
  • The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in modulating the host immune system.
  • Understanding the impact of specific dietary interventions on the microbiome-immune axis is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of plant-based fiber and fermented foods on the human microbiome and immune system in healthy adults.
  • To identify diet-specific changes in microbiome composition, function, and host immune responses.
  • To explore the relationship between baseline microbiome diversity and immune trajectories following dietary interventions.

Main Methods:

  • A 17-week randomized, prospective study with two arms: high-fiber diet and high-fermented-food diet (n=18/arm).
  • Comprehensive -omics measurements of the microbiome (including carbohydrate active enzymes - CAZymes) and host immune profiling.
  • Longitudinal monitoring of microbial diversity, inflammatory markers, and cytokine response scores.

Main Results:

  • High-fiber diet increased microbiome-encoded CAZymes but did not alter microbial diversity or cytokine response score.
  • Three distinct immunological trajectories were observed in high-fiber consumers, correlating with baseline microbiota diversity.
  • High-fermented-food diet led to a steady increase in microbial diversity and a decrease in inflammatory markers.
  • Dietary interventions elicited specific, diet-dependent effects on the microbiome and immune system.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiome can modulate immune system responses in a diet-specific manner.
  • Fermented foods show potential in counteracting decreased microbiome diversity and increased inflammation associated with industrialized diets.
  • Longitudinal microbiome and immune profiling coupled with dietary interventions offer personalized and population-wide insights into host-microbe-diet interactions.