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Stokes' Law01:20

Stokes' Law

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Viscous forces, like friction, are intermolecular forces that resist the relative motion of molecules over each other. When a solid body moves through a liquid, viscous forces drag it in the opposite direction. The force's magnitude depends on the solid's shape and size, as well as its speed and the liquid's coefficient of viscosity, density and temperature.
The expression for the force on a solid spherical object in a fluid is called Stokes' law. Stokes' law is valid only...
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Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

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Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid
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Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid

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Universal Stokes's nanomechanical viscometer.

Komal Chaudhary1, Pooja Munjal1, Kamal P Singh2

  • 1Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli, 140306, India.

Scientific Reports
|July 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a universal viscometer using capillary waves for rapid, non-contact viscosity measurements of diverse fluids. The novel method offers precision for various fluid types and volumes, advancing fluid dynamics research.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Optofluidics
  • Nanomechanics

Background:

  • Conventional viscometry methods lack non-contact, rapid measurement capabilities for small sample volumes and universal applicability.
  • Measuring viscosity across diverse fluid types (polar, non-polar, transparent, opaque) remains challenging with existing techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a simple, universal viscometer based on capillary wave damping for precise fluid viscosity measurement.
  • To enable rapid, non-contact viscosity analysis of small sample volumes across a wide range of fluid properties.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting capillary wave damping, generated electrically and probed optically with sub-nanoscale precision.
  • Utilizing low electric field actuation to generate quasi-monochromatic propagating capillary waves.
  • Employing a pair of single-lens based compact interferometers for real-time attenuation measurement.

Main Results:

  • Achieved rapid viscosity measurements for fluids with viscosities spanning four orders of magnitude.
  • Demonstrated universal applicability to polar, non-polar, transparent, opaque, thin, and thick fluids.
  • Identified additional damping mechanisms in micro-litre droplets due to bottom friction and top nano-layers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed viscometer offers a universal, rapid, and non-contact method for precise viscosity determination.
  • The system's ability to analyze diverse fluids and small volumes opens avenues for fundamental and applied research.
  • The platform is suitable for picomechanical optofluidics, with potential in industrial and medical applications.