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Subviral Agents01:29

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Peptide-Based Antiviral Drugs.

N Arul Murugan1, K Muruga Poopathi Raja2, N T Saraswathi3

  • 1Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. murugan@kth.se.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Peptide drugs, despite early use, face challenges like poor stability. However, chemical modifications are enhancing their therapeutic potential, with over 60 approved and 150 in clinical trials for various diseases.

Keywords:
Antiviral peptidesDNA recombinant technologyHalf-life of peptidesOral bioavailabilityPermeabilitySolid-phase peptide synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical research and drug development.
  • Medicinal chemistry and drug design.

Background:

  • Peptide therapeutics, known since 1920, are limited by poor serum stability, bioavailability, and permeability.
  • Despite limitations, advancements in chemical modifications are revitalizing interest in peptide-based drugs.
  • Over 60 peptide drugs are FDA-approved, with more than 150 in clinical studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review peptide-based lead compounds and drugs for treating viral diseases.
  • To compare the advantages and disadvantages of peptide drugs versus small molecule drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing peptide-based drugs and compounds.
  • Comparative analysis of peptide drugs and small molecule drugs in viral disease treatment.

Main Results:

  • Peptide drugs offer unique therapeutic advantages but face challenges in stability and delivery.
  • Chemical modifications and structural tuning are key to overcoming peptide drug limitations.
  • The landscape of peptide therapeutics is expanding, with significant clinical development.

Conclusions:

  • Peptide-based drugs are a promising area of pharmaceutical research, particularly for viral diseases.
  • Addressing stability and bioavailability issues is crucial for the wider clinical application of peptide drugs.
  • Continued research into peptide modification holds potential for novel antiviral therapies.