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Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Covalent Antiviral Agents.

Sako Mirzaie1, Fatemeh Abdi2, Amin GhavamiNejad2

  • 1Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. s.mirzaie@utoronto.ca.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing novel covalent inhibitors is crucial for combating widespread viral infections and increasing drug resistance. These inhibitors offer potent, broad-spectrum antiviral activity by targeting key viral mechanisms effectively.

Keywords:
ActivitiesCovalent antiviral agentsIn silico studyMechanismsStructures

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery and Development

Background:

  • Emerging viral infections pose a significant global health threat.
  • Increasing viral resistance to existing antiviral drugs necessitates new therapeutic strategies.
  • Broad-spectrum antiviral agents are urgently needed to address diverse viral pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review covalent inhibitors as a promising class of broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
  • To explore the structures, activities, and inhibition mechanisms of covalent inhibitors against major viral targets.
  • To discuss the role of in silico methods in designing effective covalent antiviral drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of covalent inhibitors targeting specific viruses.
  • Analysis of biochemical efficiency, duration of action, and inhibition mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of in silico approaches for covalent inhibitor design.

Main Results:

  • Covalent inhibitors demonstrate potential for broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
  • These inhibitors are effective against viruses including SARS-CoV-2, Dengue, Enterovirus, HCV, HIV, and Influenza.
  • In silico studies can aid in the rational design of novel covalent antiviral compounds.

Conclusions:

  • Covalent inhibitors represent a viable strategy to overcome viral resistance and treat multiple viral infections.
  • Their ability to target specific viral domains offers biochemical advantages.
  • Continued research, including computational approaches, is vital for developing next-generation antiviral therapies.