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Updated: Oct 29, 2025
Polarization and Characterization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages on Implant Surfaces
Published on: December 6, 2024
3D-printed titanium implant combined with interleukin 4 regulates ordered macrophage polarization to promote bone
Da-Wang Zhao1,2,3, Bing Ren4,5,6, Hong-Wei Wang4,5
1Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Aims:
The use of 3D-printed titanium implant (DT) can effectively guide bone regeneration. DT triggers a continuous host immune reaction, including macrophage type 1 polarization, that resists osseointegration. Interleukin 4 (IL4) is a specific cytokine modulating osteogenic capability that switches macrophage polarization type 1 to type 2, and this switch favours bone regeneration.
Methods:
IL4 at concentrations of 0, 30, and 100 ng/ml was used at day 3 to create a biomimetic environment for bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (BMMSC) osteogenesis and macrophage polarization on the DT. The osteogenic and immune responses of BMMSCs and macrophages were evaluated respectively.
Results:
DT plus 30 ng/ml of IL4 (DT + 30 IL4) from day 3 to day 7 significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced macrophage type 2 polarization and BMMSC osteogenesis compared with the other groups. Local injection of IL4 enhanced new bone formation surrounding the DT.
Conclusion:
DT + 30 IL4 may switch macrophage polarization at the appropriate timepoints to promote bone regeneration. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):411-424.
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