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Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Autophagosomal Membrane Origin and Formation.

Yi Yang1, Li Zheng2, Xiaoxiang Zheng3

  • 1Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yyang@hznu.edu.cn.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagosome formation involves generating membrane precursors from endomembranes like the ER. These precursors assemble and elongate at the phagophore assembly site (PAS) for complete autophagosome construction.

Keywords:
ATG proteinsAutophagosomeEndoplasmic reticulumEndosomeMembrane remodelingMicrofilamentMitochondriaPhagophorePlasma membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagosome formation is a crucial cellular process for degradation and recycling.
  • Understanding the origins and assembly of autophagosomal membranes is key to deciphering autophagy regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on the membrane origins of autophagosomes.
  • To discuss the generation, assembly, and expansion of autophagosomal precursors.

Main Methods:

  • This chapter synthesizes existing research and knowledge on autophagosome biogenesis.
  • Focuses on membrane dynamics and the role of specific cellular compartments.

Main Results:

  • Autophagosomal membrane precursors originate from various endomembrane compartments, including the ER, ERGIC, ERES, and endosomes.
  • Stress conditions remodel these compartments to generate early precursors.
  • The phagophore assembly site (PAS), typically on the ER, is central to membrane assembly, elongation, and completion.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagosome biogenesis is a highly coordinated process involving specific ATG proteins and membrane remodeling factors.
  • The precise choreography of membrane sources and assembly at the PAS dictates autophagosome formation.