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Related Concept Videos

Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

753
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
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Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
748
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
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Introduction to Learning01:18

Introduction to Learning

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
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Efficient Adaptive Online Learning via Frequent Directions.

Yuanyu Wan, Lijun Zhang

    IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
    |July 14, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Adaptive subgradient methods (ADAGRAD) are improved for large-scale online learning. New variants, ADA-FD and ADA-FFD, use matrix sketching for efficiency while maintaining performance.

    Area of Science:

    • Machine Learning
    • Optimization Algorithms

    Background:

    • Adaptive subgradient methods (ADAGRAD) are crucial for online learning and optimization.
    • Full matrix proximal functions in ADAGRAD (ADA-FULL) face scalability issues due to high computational complexity (O(d^3) time, O(d^2) space).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop efficient variants of ADA-FULL for large-scale problems.
    • To maintain the performance benefits of ADA-FULL when gradients are correlated.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed two variants: ADA-FD and ADA-FFD, utilizing the frequent directions (FD) matrix sketching technique.
    • ADA-FD directly uses FD to manage low-rank matrices, reducing complexity to O(τd) space and O(τ^2d) time.
    • ADA-FFD accelerates FD with a doubling trick, achieving O(τd) average time complexity at the cost of doubled space complexity.

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    Main Results:

    • Theoretical analysis shows ADA-FD and ADA-FFD achieve regret comparable to ADA-FULL for low-rank gradient matrices.
    • Experimental results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed ADA-FD and ADA-FFD algorithms.

    Conclusions:

    • ADA-FD and ADA-FFD offer significant improvements in scalability for ADAGRAD methods.
    • Matrix sketching provides a practical approach to leverage the benefits of full matrix methods in large-scale settings.