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Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
Published on: January 13, 2023
Joshua D Hubbard1,2,3, Ruben Acevedo2,3, Kristen M Edwards2,3,4
1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
This study presents a novel 3D printing method for creating unified soft robots with integrated fluidic circuits. This approach enables rapid manufacturing of complex soft robots for advanced applications.
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