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Updated: Oct 28, 2025

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Teaching Parents to Be Responsive: A Network Meta-analysis.

Nina Sokolovic1, Michelle Rodrigues2, Andrea C Tricco3,4

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Responsive caregiving in early childhood boosts cognitive and physical development. Effective training programs for parents involve observing examples, practicing skills, and receiving feedback for better child outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Early Childhood Education
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Responsive caregiving in early childhood is linked to improved cognitive development, mental well-being, and physical health throughout life.
  • Understanding how to design effective caregiver responsivity training programs is crucial for promoting positive child development trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the most effective components for designing caregiver responsivity training programs.
  • To synthesize evidence from randomized trials on the impact of parent training on child responsivity.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of seven electronic databases was conducted up to October 2020.
  • Included 120 randomized trials of programs designed to train parents of children aged 0 to 6 years in responsive caregiving.
  • Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and analyzed using random-effects pairwise and network meta-analyses.

Main Results:

  • Caregiver responsivity training programs demonstrated a medium overall effect size (d = 0.56).
  • The most effective programs incorporated didactic teaching, observational learning, skill practice, and feedback (d = 1.07), with additional reflection further enhancing effects (d = 0.86).
  • Other effective components included observing examples of responsivity (d = 0.70), researcher-led facilitation (d = 0.89), homework assignments (d = 0.85), and a narrow program scope (d = 0.72).

Conclusions:

  • Programs incorporating observational learning and home-based practice appear to be effective and scalable strategies for enhancing caregiver responsivity.
  • These targeted interventions hold potential for widespread application in the general population.
  • Enhancing caregiver responsivity can contribute to reducing developmental inequalities among children.