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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

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Advances in Accurate Microbial Genome-Editing CRISPR Technologies.

Ho Joung Lee1, Sang Jun Lee1

  • 1Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
|July 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR-Cas genome editing offers a revolutionary approach to modifying microbial genomes. This review addresses challenges in precision editing, particularly in higher organisms, and explores future directions for CRISPR technology.

Keywords:
CRISPRCas9bacteriagenome editingmismatch intolerance

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Last Updated: Oct 28, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Traditional microbial genome modification involves multi-step processes like homologous recombination and marker excision.
  • These methods often leave genomic scars, hindering iterative engineering.
  • The CRISPR-Cas system, including Cas9 and Cas12a, has simplified genome editing but faces challenges in accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for overcoming limitations in CRISPR-Cas genome editing, focusing on higher organisms.
  • To discuss the biological significance of CRISPR-mediated microbial genome editing.
  • To propose future research and development directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CRISPR-Cas systems and genome editing techniques.
  • Analysis of challenges related to mismatch tolerance and PAM-dependent recognition.
  • Discussion of biological implications and future trends in CRISPR technology.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems have significantly advanced genome editing capabilities.
  • Challenges in precise genome editing, such as mismatch tolerance, persist.
  • The review highlights methods to enhance accuracy and efficiency in genome engineering.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas technology holds immense potential for microbial and higher organism genome engineering.
  • Addressing current limitations is crucial for unlocking the full potential of CRISPR.
  • Future research should focus on improving precision, efficiency, and exploring novel applications.