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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Adaptive immunity induces mutualism between commensal eukaryotes.

Kyla S Ost1,2, Teresa R O'Meara3, W Zac Stephens1,2

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Intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) targets pathogenic fungal hyphae, improving host-fungal interactions. This immune response suppresses harmful fungal traits, promoting gut homeostasis and protecting against damage during inflammation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Pathogenic fungi are part of the gut microbiota but rarely cause disease.
  • Interactions between gut fungi and the host immune system that maintain mutualism are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of adaptive immunity in promoting beneficial interactions between gut fungi and the host.
  • To understand how intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) influences the relationship between Candida species and the host immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Studied immune responses to potentially pathogenic Candida species in the gut.
  • Focused on Candida albicans, examining the effects of IgA on its hyphal form and cell-surface adhesins.
  • Utilized a vaccine to induce adhesin-specific immunity in mice and assessed protection against C. albicans-induced damage during colitis.

Main Results:

  • Potentially pathogenic Candida species induce and are targeted by intestinal IgA responses.
  • Intestinal IgA specifically targets and suppresses the pathogenic hyphal morphotype of Candida albicans by binding to hyphal-enriched adhesins.
  • Immune selection against hyphae enhances the competitive fitness of C. albicans in the gut.
  • C. albicans hyphae and IgA-targeted adhesins exacerbate intestinal damage during colitis.
  • Vaccination-induced adhesin-specific immunity protects against C. albicans-associated damage during colitis.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptive immunity, particularly IgA, plays a crucial role in suppressing harmful fungal effectors while allowing beneficial colonization.
  • IgA decouples fungal colonization from pathogenesis, promoting gut homeostasis.
  • Targeting fungal adhesins with vaccines can protect against fungal-associated intestinal damage.