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Exploring the School-to-Prison Pipeline: How School Suspensions Influence Incarceration During Young Adulthood
Paul Hemez1, John J Brent2, Thomas J Mowen1
1Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, OH, USA.
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
|July 15, 2021
Summary
School suspensions are a critical turning point, increasing young adults' odds of incarceration. However, repeated suspensions do not appear to add further risk, impacting youths' life-course trajectories.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Criminology
- Developmental Psychology
Background:
- The "school-to-prison pipeline" describes how punitive school discipline increases youth involvement with the criminal justice system.
- Limited research quantifies the impact of exclusionary school discipline on long-term incarceration pathways into young adulthood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine how school suspensions influence the likelihood of imprisonment during young adulthood.
- To apply a life-course perspective to understand the long-term consequences of school discipline.
Main Methods:
- Utilized 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997.
- Employed mixed-effects longitudinal models to analyze the relationship between school suspensions and incarceration.
- Controlled for key covariates, including levels of criminal offending.
Main Results:
- Receiving a school suspension significantly increases the odds of incarceration in young adulthood.
- This effect persists even after accounting for other factors like criminal offending.
- Experiencing multiple suspensions did not result in a proportionally higher risk of incarceration.
Conclusions:
- School suspensions act as a significant turning point in a youth's life-course, increasing their risk of imprisonment.
- Interventions aimed at reducing exclusionary school discipline may disrupt pathways to incarceration.
- Further research should explore the nuances of repeated disciplinary actions and their differential impacts.
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