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Related Concept Videos

Regional Terms01:12

Regional Terms

13.4K
Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the body parts into different regions that contain structures involved in contributing similar functions. Using these terms helps increase the accurate description and identification of the particular region of interest or region affected by the disease.
Primarily, the human body has two major regions, the axial and appendicular regions. The axial region comprises regions from the head to the abdomen and makes up the central body axis. In contrast,...
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Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
1.0K
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

13.8K
To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersects at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The four...
13.8K
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

1.1K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
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Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.

Emillia C O Lloyd1, Bradley Dempsey1, Lindsey Romero1

  • 1Southern Colorado Family Medicine Residency, Pueblo, CO, USA.

American Family Physician
|July 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare, chronic pain condition developing after injury. Treatment focuses on improving function and reducing pain through a multimodal approach.

Area of Science:

  • Pain Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare, debilitating chronic pain disorder.
  • It presents with pain disproportionate to the inciting event, often following trauma or surgery.
  • CRPS involves complex physiological changes affecting sensory, motor, and autonomic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).
  • To outline diagnostic criteria and management strategies for CRPS.
  • To emphasize the multimodal approach required for effective CRPS treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on standardized criteria.
  • Ancillary tests are used to exclude other conditions, not for primary diagnosis.

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  • Treatment strategies are informed by evidence from other neuropathic pain conditions due to a lack of large-scale CRPS studies.

    • Main Results:

    • CRPS has two types (Type 1 and Type 2), with similar treatment approaches.
    • No single treatment modality is universally effective for CRPS.
    • Treatment aims to enhance physical function and alleviate pain.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective CRPS management necessitates a combination of therapies.
    • Multimodal treatment includes pharmacotherapy, behavioral interventions, and specialist referral.
    • Improving patient function and reducing pain are the primary goals in CRPS care.