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Related Concept Videos

Types of Fluids01:27

Types of Fluids

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Fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on their response to shear stress. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate, following Newton's law of viscosity. Their viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate, making their behavior predictable and easier to analyze. Common examples include water, air, oil, and gasoline.
In contrast, non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton's law of viscosity, and...
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Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:20

Characteristics of Fluids

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When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:31

Characteristics of Fluids

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Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers
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The smallest fluid on Earth.

Björn Schenke1

  • 1Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 510A, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|July 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small system collisions, like proton-proton, may create quark-gluon plasma (QGP) behaving as a nearly perfect fluid. Research explores how these tiny systems exhibit fluid-like properties, advancing our understanding of quantum chromodynamics.

Keywords:
correlations and fluctuationsnuclear collisionsquark gluon plasmarelativistic fluid dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • High-Energy Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • High-energy heavy ion collisions create quark-gluon plasmas (QGP) exhibiting near-perfect fluid behavior.
  • Similar fluid-like features are observed in smaller systems, such as proton-proton or proton-nucleus collisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate if and how small systems, producing few particles and comparable in size to a proton, can exhibit fluid-like properties.
  • Explore the applicability of fluid dynamics to these small-scale collision systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing experimental data from small system collisions.
  • Developing theoretical models to understand fluid dynamics in small systems.
  • Incorporating initial geometry fluctuations and initial state effects within effective theories of quantum chromodynamics.

Main Results:

  • Recent developments suggest that small systems can indeed exhibit fluid-like behavior.
  • Improved understanding of initial collision geometry and quantum chromodynamics effects is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to fully understand the fluid dynamics of small systems.
  • Open questions remain regarding the precise mechanisms and extent of fluid-like behavior in these collisions.