Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

1.3K
Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
1.3K
Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

4.3K
The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
4.3K
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

1.0K
Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
1.0K
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

4.1K
Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
4.1K
What is a Mode?01:07

What is a Mode?

22.3K
The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...
22.3K
Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

3.7K
The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
For extracting a solute from an aqueous phase into an...
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Case Report: First occurrence of smoldering multiple myeloma in activated phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ syndrome.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Age-related vulnerability and clinical outcomes in acute pancreatitis: a stratified cohort study of 1,034 patients.

BMC gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Nasocystic irrigation reduces suprainfection and stent occlusion after LAMS drainage of walled-off necrosis.

Endoscopic ultrasound·2026
Same author

A Bidirectional Association Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Hyperlipidemia: Clinical Evidence and Mechanistic Insights.

Helicobacter·2026
Same author

Cumulative stress hyperglycemia ratio exposure and dynamic trajectories reveal prognostic determinants of acute hyperlipidemic pancreatitis: an 5-year cohort study.

Lipids in health and disease·2026
Same author

Early administration of low molecular weight heparin in hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis: A propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study.

Journal of clinical lipidology·2026
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.8K

Performance analysis of free-space quantum key distribution using multiple spatial modes.

Wenhua He, Saikat Guha, Jeffrey H Shapiro

    Optics Express
    |July 16, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Spatial-mode multiplexing enhances free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) key rates. Flat-top focused beams offer practical advantages over Laguerre-Gaussian modes, especially in turbulent conditions.

    More Related Videos

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.3K
    Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
    05:30

    Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

    Published on: September 8, 2023

    874

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Oct 28, 2025

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
    09:23

    Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

    Published on: May 30, 2014

    14.8K
    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.3K
    Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
    05:30

    Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

    Published on: September 8, 2023

    874

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Optical Communication Systems
    • Free-Space Optics

    Background:

    • Free-space optical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems can enhance key rates using multiple spatial modes.
    • High-dimensional QKD or spatial-mode multiplexing are methods to achieve this improvement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically analyze spatial-mode-multiplexed decoy-state BB84 QKD.
    • To compare the performance of flat-top focused beams (FBs) and Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes as transmitter modes.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of spatial-mode-multiplexed decoy-state BB84 protocol.
    • Comparison of FB and LG modes in vacuum and turbulent propagation conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Spatial-mode multiplexing generally offers higher key rates compared to high-dimensional QKD.
    • In vacuum, LG modes show a higher QKD rate than FBs.
    • FB modes demonstrate potential to outperform LG modes in the presence of turbulence.

    Conclusions:

    • Spatial-mode multiplexing is a viable strategy for improving free-space QKD key rates.
    • FB modes present a practical and potentially superior alternative to LG modes for QKD systems, particularly in atmospheric conditions.