Nonsteady fracture of transient networks: The case of vitrimer

We have discovered a peculiar form of fracture that occurs in polymer network formed by covalent adaptable bonds. Due to the dynamic feature of the bonds, fracture of this network is rate dependent, and the crack propagates in a highly nonsteady manner. These phenomena cannot be explained by the existing fracture theories, most of which are based on steady-state assumption. To explain these peculiar characteristics, we first revisit the fundamental difference between the transient network and the covalent network in which we highlighted the transient feature of the cracks. We extend the current fracture criterion for crack initiation to a time-evolution scheme that allows one to track the nonsteady propagation of a crack. Through a combined experimental modeling effort, we show that fracture in transient networks is governed by two parameters: the Weissenberg number [Formula: see text] that defines the history path of crack-driving force and an extension parameter Z that tells how far a crack can grow. We further use our understanding to explain the peculiar experimental observation. To further leverage on this understanding, we show that one can "program" a specimen's crack extension dynamics by tuning the loading history.