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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

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The Cone of Direct Gaze: A Stable Trait.

Janek S Lobmaier¹, Branislav Savic¹, Thomas Baumgartner¹

¹Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Psychology

|July 16, 2021

Summary

The cone of direct gaze (CoDG), measuring perceived mutual gaze, shows significant individual differences but remains stable over time, similar to a personality trait.

Keywords:

Bland–Altman plot CoDG cone of gaze direct gaze individual differences stability

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Area of Science:

Social Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Human Perception

Background:

Direct eye gaze is crucial for social interaction, signaling interest and approach.
Individual perception of direct gaze varies, necessitating a reliable measure like the cone of direct gaze (CoDG).
Limited research exists on the temporal stability of an individual's CoDG.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the temporal stability of the cone of direct gaze (CoDG).
To assess if CoDG measurements remain consistent within individuals over short (5 minutes) and longer (1 week) periods.
To determine if CoDG is a stable individual characteristic.

Main Methods:

Two experiments were conducted using an established paradigm to measure the cone of direct gaze (CoDG).
CoDG was re-measured in participants after 5 minutes and/or 1 week.
Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess reliability.

Main Results:

High inter-individual variation in CoDG was observed.
High intra-individual agreement was found, with ICCs ranging from 0.649 to 0.855.
CoDG measurements demonstrated good reliability over time.

Conclusions:

The cone of direct gaze (CoDG) is a relatively stable measure of individual perception.
CoDG exhibits stability comparable to personality traits.
Findings support the use of CoDG as a consistent individual characteristic in social perception research.