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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis
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Fluid Overload.

Bernie Hansen1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.

Frontiers in Veterinary Science
|July 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fluid overload (FO), a condition of excess body fluid, is linked to adverse events and mortality in humans and animals. Minimizing fluid administration is key to preventing FO and its associated risks.

Keywords:
edemaeffusionfluid balancefluid overloadhypervolemiaresuscitationstabilization

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Fluid overload (FO) is defined by hypervolemia and/or edema, often suspected in clinical settings due to pulmonary or peripheral edema.
  • FO can arise from underlying diseases or as a complication of intravenous fluid therapy.
  • Clinical studies commonly define FO by a 5-10% increase in body weight or fluid balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical definition and implications of fluid overload.
  • To highlight the association between fluid overload and adverse outcomes.
  • To provide recommendations for minimizing the risk of fluid overload.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies defining and assessing fluid overload.
  • Analysis of observational data linking fluid overload to adverse events and mortality.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding fluid management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Numerous human studies demonstrate a link between FO, adverse events, and mortality.
  • Retrospective studies in dogs and cats also show an association between FO and negative outcomes.
  • Evidence suggests FO is a significant risk factor in various clinical scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Fluid overload is a critical condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
  • Careful management of fluid therapy, including resuscitation and maintenance fluids, is essential.
  • Limiting fluid administration to physiological needs can mitigate the risks of FO.