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Related Concept Videos

Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
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Membrane Carbohydrates01:30

Membrane Carbohydrates

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The plasma membrane is a dynamic barrier composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It is the epicenter of many cellular processes required for cell growth and survival. Carbohydrates have unique structural and chemical properties that help the plasma membrane to carry out its functions effectively.
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Recent Advances on Multivalent Carbon Nanoform-Based Glycoconjugates.

Javier Ramos-Soriano1,2, Mattia Ghirardello1, M Carmen Galan1

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|July 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Carbon nanoforms like fullerenes and graphene offer biocompatible scaffolds to mimic multivalent glycan presentations. This review highlights recent applications for studying carbohydrate-mediated biological interactions at the molecular level.

Keywords:
Multivalencycarbon nanoformscarbon-based probesglycoconjugatesnanomaterialsnanomedicine

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Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate chemistry
  • Nanomaterials science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Multivalent carbohydrate interactions are crucial in biological processes and disease.
  • Studying these glycan-mediated interactions requires advanced molecular-level tools.
  • Carbon nanoforms offer unique properties for mimicking biological structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in using carbon nanoforms as scaffolds for studying multivalent carbohydrate interactions.
  • To highlight the applications of these nanomaterials in understanding glycan-mediated biological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies (last few years).
  • Focus on carbon nanoforms (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene) and their derivatives.
  • Analysis of how these scaffolds mimic multivalent glycan presentations.

Main Results:

  • Carbon nanoforms effectively mimic the multivalent presentation of biologically relevant glycans.
  • These nanomaterials serve as promising biocompatible scaffolds for molecular studies.
  • Diverse applications in studying glycan-mediated interactions have emerged.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon nanoforms are valuable tools for investigating complex carbohydrate-mediated biological events.
  • The use of nanomaterials enhances molecular-level understanding of glycan functions.
  • Future research can leverage these scaffolds for further insights into biological processes and diseases.