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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
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Methods for Chromosome Doubling.

Mehran E Shariatpanahi1, Mohsen Niazian2, Behzad Ahmadi3

  • 1Department of Tissue and Cell Culture, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. mehran.shariatpanahi@abrii.ac.ir.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Producing doubled haploids (DHs) requires chromosome doubling, often induced by antimitotic agents. Optimizing plant parameters and agent application is key for efficient DH production in breeding programs.

Keywords:
Antimitotic agentsChromosome doublingHaploidMicrotubules

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Area of Science:

  • Plant breeding and genetics
  • Cell biology and molecular genetics

Background:

  • Doubled haploids (DHs) possess a homozygous genetic background, valuable for plant breeding and research.
  • DH production involves haploid induction and chromosome doubling, with the latter often requiring artificial induction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review antimitotic agents and plant parameters influencing chromosome doubling efficiency for doubled haploid production.
  • To highlight methods for successful chromosome doubling and maximizing doubled haploid yield.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on chromosome doubling techniques for haploids.
  • Focus on antimitotic agents, including colchicine and alternatives, applied via in vitro and in vivo pathways.
  • Analysis of influential plant parameters: genotype and developmental stage.

Main Results:

  • Artificial chromosome doubling is essential for acceptable doubled haploid yields.
  • In vitro chromosome doubling is increasingly preferred due to efficiency and reduced chimerism.
  • Key factors affecting efficiency include plant genotype, haploid developmental stage, and antimitotic agent type, concentration, and duration.

Conclusions:

  • Successful doubled haploid production relies on careful selection and application of antimitotic agents.
  • Optimizing plant-specific parameters alongside antimitotic treatments is crucial for high doubled haploid yields in breeding programs.