Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

548
Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
548
Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

9.8K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
9.8K
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

42
Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
42
Study Design in Statistics01:15

Study Design in Statistics

9.6K
A study design is a set of techniques that allow a researcher to collect and analyze data from different variables defined for a specific research problem. Statistics is commonly for effective study design and more robust experiments,
Does aspirin reduce the risk of heart attacks? Is one brand of fertilizer more effective at growing roses than another? Is fatigue as dangerous to a driver as the influence of alcohol? Questions like these are answered using randomized experiments with proper...
9.6K
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs01:20

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs

39
Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs are crucial methodologies used in evaluating and comparing the bioavailability of different drug products. These designs are categorized into various types: completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, cross and carry-over, and Latin square designs.Completely randomized designs involve randomly allocating treatments to all subjects participating in the experiment. This allocation is achieved by assigning unique random numbers to...
39
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

212
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
212

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enterocutaneous Fistulas: Current Management.

Nutrients·2026
Same author

Perioperative Immunonutrition for Elective Surgery: Review of Mechanisms, Summary of Evidence, and Future Directions.

Nutrients·2026
Same author

Empiric Antifungal Therapy Is Not Associated with Improved Infectious Outcomes in Penetrating Upper Gastrointestinal Injuries: A Subgroup Analysis of the Surgical Infection Society Multi-Center Observational Study.

Surgical infections·2026
Same author

A Safe Step Toward Opioid Stewardship: Standardized Low-Dose Discharge Opioid Prescriptions After Minimally Invasive Outpatient Appendectomy and Cholecystectomy.

The American surgeon·2026
Same author

Trauma Activation Touchpoints as an Opportunity to Detect Undiagnosed Comorbidities in Vulnerable Populations.

The Journal of emergency medicine·2025
Same author

Surgical Infection Society Multi-Center Observational Study: Empiric Anti-Fungal Coverage after Non-Colonic Gastrointestinal Perforation.

Surgical infections·2025
Same journal

The CALLY Index as a Predictive Tool for Surgical Site Infection After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Surgical infections·2026
Same journal

Preoperative Prediction of Acute Appendicitis Pathological Type and Complicating Perforation Using IL-6 and IL-10.

Surgical infections·2026
Same journal

Outcomes and Predictors of Fungal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections.

Surgical infections·2026
Same journal

Light at the End of the Tunnel! Effects of 405 nm Visible Light Disinfection on Surgical Site Infection: A Prospective Randomized Cohort Study.

Surgical infections·2026
Same journal

Guideline-Directed Administration of Prophylactic Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Cement in Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Lower Infection Rate.

Surgical infections·2026
Same journal

Highlights from the 38th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Surgical Infection.

Surgical infections·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

10.8K

Study Designs in Clinical Research.

April E Mendoza1, D Dante Yeh2

  • 1Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Surgical Infections
|July 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores scientific literature quality, focusing on study design, evidence hierarchy, and bias. Understanding research fundamentals like sample size and various study designs is crucial for critical appraisal in medicine.

Keywords:
clinical researchresearch designsstudy design

More Related Videos

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
10:38

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Published on: January 16, 2019

20.5K
A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
08:33

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

7.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 28, 2025

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

10.8K
Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
10:38

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Published on: January 16, 2019

20.5K
A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
08:33

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences

Published on: September 4, 2019

7.2K

Area of Science:

  • Medical Research Methodology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine
  • Surgical Research Design

Background:

  • Scientific literature quality is assessed by study design, validity, and patient population applicability.
  • Critical appraisal of research is essential for informed clinical decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the hierarchy of evidence in scientific literature.
  • To explain research fundamentals, including sample size calculation.
  • To discuss common surgical study designs and their interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search to identify relevant studies on research methodology.
  • Review and synthesis of definitions for various study designs.
  • Explanation of systematic errors and bias in research.

Main Results:

  • Definitions and scientific boundaries of case control, retrospective, before-and-after, prospective observational, randomized controlled designs, and meta-analyses are provided.
  • Each study design has inherent limitations due to systematic errors and bias.

Conclusions:

  • Critical thinking and literature appraisal are vital skills requiring continuous training.
  • Clinical research education and design merit increased attention within the medical community.